More importantly, in our cohort, genes belonging to RIG-I like receptor in PRRs and type I interferon signalling pathways (IFIH1, DDX58, ISG15, ISG20 and IRF7) were exclusively overexpressed in the long-survival patient group and highly expressed in hot tumours, offering a promising approach for MPE cancer therapy by triggering these natural antiviral responses. This evidence concerns the gene ISG15 and cancer.