NFKB1 and neoplasm: 1,25(OH)2D3 is known to inhibit NF-κB activation by forming VDR-p65 complex, increases the level of IκBα (Cohen-Lahav et al., 2006), or strengthens the interaction between VDR and IKKβ (Chen et al., 2013), thereby restraining inflammation and tumor growth (Tan et al., 2008).