NOD2 and Cowden disease: In agreement with this hypothesis, we provided evidence that the protective capacity of a selected strain of Ligilactobacillus salivarius Ls33 (formerly known as Lactobacillus salivarius Ls33) requires an intact nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) signaling18, mutations of which occur in more than one third of CD patients in Europe and North America.