Indeed, MMA treatment, as well as treatment by EVs from MMA-producing tumor cells (EVsshMUT-A549) increased ROS with peak levels at 6 h, corresponding to the peak in TGFβ and NF-κB signaling, while also increasing malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker of oxidative stress, over several days (Fig. 4c, Fig. 5a, Fig. s7a–c). Here, NFKB1 is linked to neoplasm.