PDCD1 and melanoma: In 2018, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) approved adjuvant treatments with monotherapy anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) (nivolumab and pembrolizumab) and targeted therapy (dabrafenib–trametinib) for patients after complete resection of stage III melanoma.6, 7, 8 However, ∼18% of patients with stage III melanoma have disease recurrence within 12 weeks after complete resection, before starting with adjuvant treatment.9