EPO and chronic kidney disease: The United States Food and Drug Administration recommends an erythropoietin haemoglobin target range of 100 g/L – 120 g/L11 and expressly states that erythropoietin-stimulating agents should be used to increase haemoglobin only to the level necessary to avoid transfusion.11,12,13 In 2016, an expert committee advocated for including erythropoietin-stimulating agents in the World Health Organization Model List of Essential Medicines to reduce the need for transfusions in patients with end-stage chronic kidney disease.