CCL2 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Curcumin metabolites may suppress the NF-κB in adipose tissue, and regulate the level of TNF-a, IL-6, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP-1), plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), and increasing adiponectin expression to ameliorate the obesity risk factors (Bradford, 2013; Soleimani et al., 2018; Wink, 2022).