VEGFA and neoplasm: For example, experiments in tumor-bearing mice revealed that IL-17 secreted by helper T cells (T helper 17, Th17) in the tumor microenvironment promotes upregulation of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) levels through the NF-κB and ERK signaling pathways, and myeloid-derived suppressive cell (Myeloid-derived suppressor cells, MDSC) infiltration increases and induces tumor resistance to anti-VEGF-targeted drugs (Chung et al., 2013).