Interestingly, in the JHU-LNCaP-SM xenografted mice, PSA levels did not correlate with the tumor volumes (Fig. 6G, r: 0.50, p = 0.40) whereas GDF-15 positive correlation with tumor sizes was significant (Fig. 6F, r: 0.83, p = 0.0154). Here, GDF15 is linked to neoplasm.