When evaluating plasma PSA levels measured at the beginning and end of the animal study, PSA levels in JHU-LNCaP-SM xenografted mice remained unchanged (terminal concentrations of 3.4 compared to 3.1 ng/mL respectively for control and C23 treated mice; Fig. 6D) despite the clear effect of C23 on JHU-LNCaP-SM tumor growth. Here, KLK3 is linked to neoplasm.