The BBR-BSA NPs-treated rats (T-BBR-BSA NPs) significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the hyperglycemia and the peripheral insulin resistance features and elevated the insulin sensitivity and β-cell function (HOMA-β) compared to the stressed rats, BBR-, BSA NPs-, and Ator- treated rats (Fig. 6a,b). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is Insulin resistance.