To investigate whether MWA could enhance the tumour-suppressive properties of AXL-CAR T cells in NSCLC, we constructed an AXL-positive NSCLC PDX (patient-derived xenografts) tumour model for an in vivo combination study to mimic the primitive TME of NSCLC (Fig. 4a, b). Here, AXL is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.