AXL and non-small cell lung carcinoma: We first verified the affinity of anti-AXL single-chain fragment variables (scFvs) (Supplementary Fig. 3), generated three kinds of AXL-specific CAR T cells (Supplementary Fig. 4a–d) and examined their antitumour cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion in vitro against NSCLC cell lines (Supplementary Fig. 4e–g).