INS and Alzheimer disease: Alzheimer's disease is related to DM in numerous ways, in that both are linked with decreased insulin secretion, amyloidosis, reduced uptake of glucose, raised oxidative stress, angiopathy, activation of the apoptotic pathway, aging, abnormal peroxidation of lipids, increased production of advanced glycation end products and tau phosphorylation, brain atrophy, diminished fat metabolism, and mitochondrial pathology.