TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A study by Nappo et al. 2002 [30] conducted in healthy subjects and in patients with T2DM who ingested a high-fat meal has shown a significant increase in the circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines, like tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-6 and of soluble ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, both known as endothelial injury biomarkers.