KRAS and pancreatic neoplasm: For example, exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells can be used to treat pancreatic cancer patients with the presence of the KrasG12D mutation, such as in a phase I trial (NCT03608631) sponsored by the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center (Texas, USA), where patients are injected with KrasG12D-targeted siRNA-loaded exosomes, thereby reducing the oncogenic KRAS gene expression in pancreatic tumors [84].