AKT1 and Parkinson disease: The AKT pathway can phosphorylate more than fifty substrate proteins and modulate processes disrupted in PD, such as the enhancement of synapse formation, autophagy, and LTP, as well as inhibiting the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, apoptosis, microglial activation, tau phosphorylation and the accumulation of α-synuclein and Aβ (Fig. 2a).