GLUL and neoplasm: No apparent differences were observed in the levels of p-Akt (S473), p-ERK (T202/Y204), p-38 MAPK (T180/Y182), p-AMPK (T172), and LC3-II between the WT and Glul-KO livers at the 2- or 3-week time points after oncogene expression (Figure 2D and Supplemental Figure 2B), indicating that these signaling events and autophagy may not have a causative role or may be masked due to the small number of transforming cells at the early stage in accelerated tumor development in Glul-KO livers.