CCL2 and carcinoma: To confirm this, we performed immunofluorescent staining for CCL2 and α-SMA, a marker for a dominant subtype of carcinoma-associated fibroblasts, or myofibroblastic CAFs (myCAFs), in human PDA, and observed CCL2 localization with carcinoma cells, α-SMA+ CAFs, and α-SMAlo or α-SMA– cells in the stroma (Figure 3D).