TNF and neoplasm: Indeed, dual staining of KPC tumor showed that most of the TNF-α colocalized with F4/80+ macrophages (Supplemental Figure 7A), and analysis of RNA-Seq data showed strong expression from TAMs (Supplemental Figure 7B), validating the conclusion that macrophages are a primary source of TNF-α in PDA, consistent with previous findings (43, 44).