In our study, increased IL-33 due to decreased immunosuppressive myeloid cells/TNF-α resulted in increased CD103+ DCs and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, particularly in metastatic sites, supporting the previous finding that PDA patients with higher IL-33 survive longer and that IL-33 can promote antitumor immune responses by actively ILC2s that can indirectly prime CD8+ T cells, likely through recruitment of CD103+ DCs that promote T cell recruitment and priming (49). Here, IL33 is linked to Patent ductus arteriosus.