Notably, recent studies have identified that a memory-like CD4+ T cell population develops alongside Th1 and Tfh cell subsets during chronic viral infection (Xia et al., 2022; Zander et al., 2022) and that this memory-like subset bears a strikingly similar transcriptional profile as Tcmp cells from acute LCMV infection (Zander et al., 2022). Here, CD4 is linked to viral infectious disease.