MAPK3 and Myocardial fibrosis: Owing to the involvement of MAPKs in the pathogenesis of myocardial fibrosis and hypertrophy, CA application showed inhibitory effects on cardiomyocyte enlargement, myocardial fibroblasts growth, and collagen secretion, partly by weakening the MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signal pathway [120–122].