TNF and myocarditis: It was revealed that intraperitoneal administration of CA to BALB/c mice infected with coxsackie virus B3 obviously reduced the severity of myocarditis, as indicated by abatement of necrosis, calcification, and fibrosis in the heart tissue, which was associated with the amelioration of myocardial inflammation infiltration resulting from CA-elicited inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB cascade transduction and expressions diminishment of target inflammatory molecules including TNF-α, iNOS, IL-1β, and IL-6 [29, 88].