PDCD1 and kidney cancer: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) denotes cancer originating from the renal epithelium and accounts for >90% of cancers in the kidney.[9,10] Targeted therapies[11] (agents targeting the VEGF/PDGFR/mTOR pathway, for instance), immunotherapy[12] (interferon α, high-dose interleukin-2, antibodies against programmed cell death protein 1 ligand 1, PDL1, and antibodies against programmed cell death protein 1, PD1, for instance), and combinations were used for the treatment of metastatic RCC.