However, chemotherapy markedly reduced the proportion of T regulatory cells within the tumor and the ratio of CD4+ effector:CD4+ regulatory cells increased more than 2-fold from 1.6 to 3.4 (p = 0.029) whilst the CD8+:Treg ratio increased from 4 to 6.5 (p = 0.057) (Fig. 2H). Here, CD4 is linked to neoplasm.