TNF and neoplasm: However, persistent inflammation, hypoxic condition and a nutrient-restricted microenvironment within tumor results in the formation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment through accumulation of large number of immunosuppressive cells like M2 macrophages, MDSCs, Treg cells, Breg cells etc., These cells secrete pro-tumor cytokines such as IL-6, IL-1β, IL-17, IL-11, and growth factors like TNF-α which promotes tumor growth, proliferation,metastasis [63, 64] and therapy resistance which act as a barrier for effective therapeutic intervention (Fig. 1).