TNF and hyperlipidemia: Postprandial hyperlipidemia (PPHL) has been shown to be an independent predictor of CVD.131 Mena-Vázquezet al. found that PPHL in RA patients was significantly associated with subclinical atherosclerosis, TNF-α, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, suggesting that PPHL in RA is associated with inflammation and subclinical atherosclerosis.95 Other studies have also found that cIMT is associated with postprandial ApoB48 and total ApoB, providing evidence that atherogenic chylomicron remnants contribute to atherosclerosis in RA.103,132