CSF2 and neoplasm: (Gordon and Galli, 1990; Falduto et al., 2022; Fereydouni et al., 2022) When exposed to FcεRI, Human MCs produce substantial levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), according to Fereydouni et al. This is significant because both GM-CSF and TNF-α have been shown to attenuate tumor cell proliferation, promote tumor regression, and improve anti-tumor co-therapies.