Both TNF-α and NF-κB play key roles in inflammation and cancer development, and the H. pylori-specific virulence factor, Tip-α, is a TNF-α-inducing protein that participates in TNF-α and NF-κB pathways as an oncogenic factor mediating inflammation and immune responses, and has an important part in triggering chronic gastritis, hyperplasia, and gastric cancer (Morningstar-Wright et al., 2022). Here, TNF is linked to gastric cancer.