APOE and atherosclerosis: Another animal study showed that SPD significantly reduced the infarct size of myocardial infarction in SD rats by increasing autophagic flux through the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway and alleviated myocardial hypertrophy (9), and SPD-induced autophilia could prevent atherosclerosis by reducing epithelial fat accumulation in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) of the APOE model mice (10), alleviate vascular calcification in kidney injury (11), reverse aging-related vascular calcification, and improve aging-reduced aortic elasticity (8).