TLR4 and serum lipopolysaccharide activity: It was demonstrated that LPS could upregulate the expression of caspase-11 in mouse endothelial cells via TLR4 and then induce pyroptosis of endothelial cells through NLRP3/caspase-11/GSDMD pathway, besides, conditional deletion of caspase-11 in endothelial cells was found to reduce endotoxemia-induced lung edema and death, which indicated an essential role for caspase-11 in endotoxemia-induced ALI (139).