TNF and neoplasm: Secondly, RFA can modulate tumor microenvironment (TMB) by upregulating the expression of immunostimulating factors including interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8 and IL-2, and inhibiting the expression of immunosuppressive soluble IL-2 receptor and hepatocyte growth factor (12).