TLR4 and urinary bladder cancer: Previously, these BCG-derived products (BCG-CWS or BCG-derived DNA/RNA) were found to induce apoptosis in bladder cancer cells by activating TLR2, TLR4, TLR7, and TLR9 and thus inducing the myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MYD88) pathway of extrinsic apoptosis (26, 29).