In vitro, CXCL12 was shown to promote AML cell growth, survival, and chemoresistance (95–98) by activating or inducing the pro-survival proteins PI3K/AKT, MAP3K/ERK1/2, MYC, Bcl-2, and Bcl-XL (93, 96, 165). The gene discussed is CXCL12; the disease is acute myeloid leukemia.