Besides the PI3K-AKT pathways, the modulation of other pathways could maintain CAR-T cells memory stem cell-like features and even revive exhausted CAR-T cells, including Notch activation (147) and tyrosine kinase inhibition (148, 149) for CD19-CAR-T cells against humanized murine leukemia model. The gene discussed is CD19; the disease is leukemia.