INS and magnesium deficiency: Because magnesium is involved in over 300 enzymatic reactions, magnesium deficiency can contribute to the defective tyrosine kinase activities of insulin receptors (Suárez et al., 1995), impairment of modulating insulin-mediated glucose uptake and vascular tone (Barbagallo et al., 2003), elevation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (Rodriguez-Morán & Guerrero-Romero, 2004), and CRP levels (Dibaba, Xun & He, 2014).