BMAL1 and atrial fibrillation: In AF and CEP, the phase of 4 genes shifted forward 4–6 ​h, whereas two genes, Nr1d1 and Npas2, related to NP shifted forward 3–6 ​h and Arntl and Dbp, also related to NP, had their circadian rhythm abolished (Numaguchi et al., 2015).