VCAM1 and Brain atrophy: In addition, higher VCAM-1 levels were found in fatigued patients with PD compared with non-fatigued patients with PD (29), and the factors were negatively correlated with the gray matter volume of some brain regions (left parahippocampus, cerebellum, etc.)in patients with PD, which uncovered the relationship between vascular inflammatory and brain atrophy during the neurodegenerative process in PD (5).