PTH and Iron deficiency anemia: In vivo, other positive regulators of FGF-23 include inflammatory related cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α (61), lipopolysaccharides (LPS) (62), mineral mediators like parathyroid hormone (PTH) (63), 1,25(OH)2D and hematopoietic factors such as hypoxia or iron deficiency (64).