TH and gestational diabetes: The neonatal TSH levels were significantly higher in male newborns or infants of vaginal delivery (Supplementary Table S2). Subgroup analyses by multivariable linear regression suggested more evident associations between maternal thyroid parameters and neonatal TSH levels, being observed among women aged less than 40 years or with lower BMI or weight gain, non-GDM status, TH testing at first trimester, and vaginal delivery and giving birth to male or full-term babies (Supplementary Table S4).