TGFBR1 and Myocardial fibrosis: Therefore, using in vitro models and qPCR assays, we found that curcumin significantly reduced the expression of TGFBR1 and fibrosis indicators that Vimentin, α-SMA, collagen I are common indicators of myocardial fibrosis (Ma et al., 2018; Liu M. et al., 2021), which tentatively confirmed the potential of this substance to improve VAF by interfering with TGFBR1 to reduce atrial tissue fibrosis.