Therefore, using in vitro models and qPCR assays, we found that curcumin significantly reduced the expression of TGFBR1 and fibrosis indicators that Vimentin, α-SMA, collagen I are common indicators of myocardial fibrosis (Ma et al., 2018; Liu M. et al., 2021), which tentatively confirmed the potential of this substance to improve VAF by interfering with TGFBR1 to reduce atrial tissue fibrosis. Here, ACTA1 is linked to Myocardial fibrosis.