Interestingly, many of the repositioned drugs target specific pathways; EGFR (Erlotinib, Crizotinib, and Lapatinib), estrogen signalling (Tamoxifen, Fulvestrant, Hydrocortisone, and Anastrozole) and TRAIL-mediated apoptosis (Azithromycin and Anastrozole) pathways, suggesting that these pathways are key drivers of ESCC. This evidence concerns the gene EGFR and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.