Expression of these genes and protein products as well as haematopoietic factors M-CSF (CSF1) and GM-CSF (CSF2) are detected in human COME fluids (Smirnova et al., 2005; Juhn et al., 2008; Sekiyama et al., 2011; Val et al., 2018; Bhutta et al., 2020) and AOM induced in wild-type inbred mouse strains with Haemophilus influenzae (MacArthur et al., 2011,2013; Preciado et al., 2013; Hernandez et al., 2015; Trune et al., 2015; Granland et al., 2020). Here, CSF2 is linked to infectious otitis media.