As mentioned previously, NK cells promote anti-tumor immunity through releasing IFN-γ, TNF-α, granzymes and perforins, but they could transdifferentiate into helper ILC1s (hILC1s ) under activated TGF-β signaling, resulting in impairing NK cell-mediated tumor control (Cortez et al., 2017; Gao et al., 2017; Cuff et al., 2019; Jacquelot et al., 2022). Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.