TNF and systemic inflammatory response syndrome: In response to burns injury, immune cells, including monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils, are activated within hours to recognize endogenous factors such as DAMPs, activate downstream NF-κB inflammation-related signaling pathways, and promote inflammatory mediators (IL1, IL6, IL8, IL18, and TNF) release, ultimately leading to the development of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (Singer et al., 2016).