TNF and neoplasm: Tumor-infiltrating M1-type macrophages (anti-tumorigenesis) secrete proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1β and TNF-α), whereas tumor-infiltrating M2-type macrophages (pro-tumorigenesis) secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-6 and IL-10) (Grille et al., 2014; Chirullo et al., 2015).