RSV fusion protein (F), VSV glycoprotein (G), EBOV glycoprotein (GP), and SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) are membrane-associated viral glycoproteins that mediate fusion of viral envelopes with host cell membranes (Olejnik et al., 2018), while DENV non-structural protein 1 (NS1) is a glycoprotein that is secreted from cells in a hexameric soluble form (sNS1) during infection and has exposed hydrophobic domains for membrane interaction (Akey et al., 2014; Figure 1). This evidence concerns the gene ART4 and infection.