TLR4 and hemorrhage: NS1-TLR4 interactions modulate the pathogenesis of DENV through a variety of mechanisms, including lipid raft accumulation for cell attachment (Coelho et al., 2021), disruption of the endothelial glycocalyx layer (Puerta-Guardo et al., 2016), platelet activation (Quirino-Teixeira et al., 2020), endocan (a biomarker for endothelial cell activation) expression (Domínguez-Alemán et al., 2021), thrombocytopenia and hemorrhage (Chao et al., 2019).