TREM1 and acute kidney injury: Both eCIRP and TREM-1 are upregulated in AKI, and blockade of TREM-1 attenuates AKI severity (Campanholle et al., 2013; Lo et al., 2014; Cen et al., 2016; Tammaro et al., 2016; Tammaro et al., 2017; Siskind et al., 2022), giving rise to the hypothesis that eCIRP directly induces renal inflammation via activation of TREM-1.