The expression of CCL15, CCL20, CXCL1, CXCL6 and CXCL8 was higher in tumour areas from TLS‐mature ESCCs than in TLS‐immature and TLS‐negative ESCCs and the expression of CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 was higher in tumour areas from TLS‐immature ESCCs than in TLS‐mature and TLS‐negative ESCCs (fold change > 1.5, p < .05, Figure 3F; Table S8). Here, CXCL11 is linked to neoplasm.