TGFB1 and gastric cancer: GC cell-derived inflammatory cytokines (such as the interleukin family and TNF) promote RHBDF2 expression in CAFs, mediating transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) signaling and enhancing CAF motility in a Smad-independent manner, and further boosting the invasion of GC cells in a paracrine manner [76].