Other biological pathways include oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and HPA axis dysregulation [18, 52], which are common to BD [10] and can be catalysed, in part, by the abnormal insulin signalling, central insulin resistance, or hyperglycaemic excursions associated with T2D [18, 52, 53]. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.