GSTM1 and anemia (phenotype): However, intravenous iron should be considered in cases of poor adherence, intolerance to oral iron therapy, or treatment of severe anemia.46–48 In developing countries, also parasitic diseases such as malaria are a major cause of maternal anemia.3 Apart from the risks associated with malaria-related anemia, infection of the placenta itself also contributes to a higher risk of adverse neonatal outcome.45 Also the presence of elevated Hb level is likely to influence maternal and neonatal outcome.