Nevertheless, research combining cerebrospinal fluid sampling and brain MRI indicates that reduced cognitive function is associated with increased levels of the neuroinflammatory marker YKL-40 in older adults (188), with a second 2-yr longitudinal study reporting increased cerebrospinal fluid YKL-40 concentrations associated with loss of microstructural integrity and brain atrophy of older individuals (189). The gene discussed is CHI3L1; the disease is Brain atrophy.