INS and gestational diabetes: A number of diverse mechanisms, including impaired secretion of placental hormones [27–29], β-cell dysfunction caused by chronic fuel excess [30] and β-cell toxicity [31], defects in the skeletal muscle insulin signaling pathway [32,33] as a result of elevated levels of saturated fatty acids [34] and proinflammatory cytokines [35] and changes in the gut microbiome [36] have been proposed as mechanisms underpinning GDM.