The CD63+ve/PLAP+ve, CD63+ve/CD81+ve, CD81+ve/PLAP+ve, CD9/CD81+ve, CD9+ve/PLAP+ve and CD81+ve/CD9+ve were significantly higher in GDM compared with normal pregnancy (*P<0.05, **P<0.005 and ***P<0.0001) (Figure 1D,E). Here, CD81 is linked to gestational diabetes.